Wednesday, November 26, 2008

Can Asean Learn to Put People First?

CONTRIBUTOR Can Asean Learn to Put People First?

By POKPONG LAWANSIRI

Wednesday, November 26, 2008

Recently, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Thailand, the country currently holding the chairmanship of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean), came up with a campaign to call the regional grouping’s recently ratified charter the “Asean Charter for Asean Peoples.”
Some observers saw this as signalling a new and positive change for Asean, which has often been criticized for being a “governments’ club” that lacks the involvement of ordinary people.

On October 21, following the ratification of the charter by Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, Asean’s secretary general, Dr Surin Pitsuwan, reiterated that “Asean will be a rules-based, people-oriented and more integrated entity.”

It is in the chapter relating to the purposes of Asean that the charter vows to “promote a people-oriented Asean in which all sectors of society are encouraged to participate in, and benefit from … Asean integration and community building.”

While this is one of the more positive points within the charter, civil society groups are still sceptical whether Asean will actually live up to its promise of becoming a more people-oriented body. They point to the fact that civil society groups have never been informed of Asean processes as evidence of the association’s reluctance to embrace greater popular participation. They add that when they want to raise certain issues regionally or internationally, they typically bypass Asean and go directly to UN bodies.

As Asean increases its use of “people-first” rhetoric, civil society groups are asking themselves if the charter will actually succeed in making the intergovernmental body more receptive to the involvement of ordinary people in decision-making processes, and whether the charter will have the power to inspire people to demand a greater role in shaping their future.

A network of more than 40 civil society organisations has been monitoring the work of Asean to try to answer these questions. The Solidarity for Asian Peoples’ Advocacy (SAPA) Working Group on Asean examined the charter last year prior to its signing, and concluded that it was “a disappointment [since] it is a document that falls short of what is needed to establish a people-centred [Asean].”

Although the charter emphasizes Asean’s commitment to promoting and protecting human rights and espouses many other positive principles, such as social justice, respect for the rule of law, good governance, and respect for the UN Charter and international law, the grouping still insists that its core principles are non-interference and respect for consensus among member states.

The absurdity of clinging to the principle of non-interference in the affairs of countries belonging to the grouping is nowhere more evident than in Burma, where the human rights situation continues to deteriorate even as Asean professes to promote the fundamental rights of people throughout the region.

Asean has yet to assess the human rights situation in Burma since the country joined the association in 1997. The detention of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi and more than 2,000 other political prisoners, the continuing use of child soldiers, and the recent imposition of long prison sentences on dozens of Burmese human rights defenders, including Buddhist monks and leaders of the 88 Generation Students group who participated in protests last year, all serve to highlight the fact that Asean membership has had absolutely no positive influence on Burma’s military rulers.

When we look at the charter chapter by chapter, we can see that its vision of the grouping is still fundamentally state-centric, being written by government officials without genuine consultation with civic groups.

There is, for instance, no mention of the need for an institutionalised mechanism like the NGO Consultative Status to the UN, which would allow civil society to contribute to or comment on Asean’s decision-making process. Such a mechanism is not mentioned in chapters relating to the work of the Asean Summit, the Asean Coordinating Council, Asean Community Councils or the Asean Secretariat. The role of civil society is only mentioned in the chapter on the Asean Foundation, where the role of the foundation is described as promoting greater awareness of “Asean identity [and] close collaboration among the business sector, civil society, academia and other stakeholders in Asean.”

Asean leaders see civil society’s place as limited to the socio-cultural sphere, where they are allowed to discuss Asean policies among themselves. But civic groups are not permitted to play an important part in the decision-making process in the areas where they are most affected—namely, in the political-security and economic spheres.

Asean should take note that many civil society groups have a strong interest in seeing the association become a more relevant body in addressing issues that impact on people throughout the region, especially trans-boundary concerns such as migrant workers, human trafficking and the treatment of refugees, among others. This is especially pertinent to Asean’s plan to establish a human rights body.

The upcoming Asean Peoples’ Forum/4th Asean Civil Society Conference, which will be held in Bangkok, Thailand on December 12-14, prior to the 14th Asean Summit in Chiang Mai, is an important venue for Asean leaders and governments to actually listen to what people want Asean to be and to do.

The Asean Charter, while it is not the charter that the people actually wish to see, could be a start to making this body more people-oriented. Asean needs to open up to the people more in all its deliberations. This effort is a must for Asean governments if they wish to push for a more comprehensive and radical change. If not, the association will fail to achieve its professed goal of putting people at the center of the organization.

Copyright © 2008 Irrawaddy Publishing Group
www.irrawaddy.org

This article is first published in the Irrawaddy,
http://www.irrawaddy.org/print_article.php?art_id=14696

Wednesday, October 8, 2008

ปัญหาการไร้หลักการของนักสิทธิมนุษยชนไทย

ชื่อบทความเดิม 'ปฏิกิริยาต่อบทความพรเพ็ญ: ปัญหาการไร้หลักการของนักสิทธิมนุษยชนไทย'

ปกป้อง เลาวัณย์ศิริ


บทความนี้เป็นการสะท้อนมุมมองอีกมุมในฐานะผู้ปฎิบัติงานทางด้านสิทธิมนุษยชนต่อบทความ “จุดยืนที่ลำเอียงของนักสิทธิมนุษยชน” ของคุณพรเพ็ญ คงขจรเกียรติ

โดยผู้เขียนมีความคาดหวังว่าบทความนี้จะนำไปสู่การถกเถียงในหมู่กลุ่มนักสิทธิมนุษยชนไทย
[i] ในการตั้งคำถามของวิธีการทำงาน เพื่อที่จะได้มีการแลกเปลี่ยนในวงกว้างเพื่อที่การทำงานของนักสิทธิฯ จะได้มีความเป็นสากลและเป็นการทำงานภายใต้หลักการมากขึ้น

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“[All] human rights and fundamental freedoms […] should be promoted and implemented in a fair and equitable manner, without prejudice to the implementation of each of those rights and freedoms.”

- UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, 9 December 1998

ข้อความข้างต้นเป็นข้อความส่วนหนึ่งของปฎิญญาที่เรียกกันอย่างหลวม ๆ ว่าปฎิญญาสหประชาชาติว่าด้วยนักสิทธิมนุษยชน (UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders)
[ii] ซึ่งเป็นหลักการสากลของนักสิทธิมนุษยชนที่เข้าใจร่วมกันว่า “หลักการสิทธิมนุษยชนและเสรีภาพขั้นพื้นฐานควรต้องได้รับการสนับสนุนและปฏิบัติตามอย่างถูกต้องและยุติธรรม โดยปราศจากการก่อให้เกิดความเสียหายต่อการทำให้เกิดผลในสิทธิและเสรีภาพเหล่านี้ของประชาชน”

ข้อความนี้ ไม่ใช่ข้อความใหม่อะไร แต่เป็นข้อความที่เข้าใจกันว่าเป็นพื้นฐานหลักการสากลของสิทธิมนุษยชน กล่าวคือ สิทธิมนุษยชนต้องได้รับการส่งเสริมและปฏิบัติอย่างเท่าเทียมกันโดยไม่มีการเลือกปฏิบัติ ดังนั้นหลักการที่สำคัญของนักสิทธิมนุษยชน คือ นักสิทธิมนุษยชนต้อง “ไม่มีความลำเอียง” (Impartiality)
[iii] บนหลักการที่ชัดเจน และต้องไม่มี “ความเป็นกลาง” (neutral) นักสิทธิมนุษยชนต้องเลือกข้างอย่างชัดเจน แต่การเลือกข้างที่ว่า คือ การยืนหยัดอยู่กับคนที่ถูกละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชน (human rights victims) โดยไม่เลือกว่าคนบุคคลนั้นเป็นรัฐ เจ้าหน้าที่ของรัฐ ประชาชน กลุ่มชาติพันธุ์ แรงงาน คนไร้รัฐ ฯลฯ ดังนั้นหลักการสิทธิมนุษยชนจึงหลักการที่เป็นสากลและไม่อิงกับแนวความคิดหรือกลุ่มทางการเมืองใด ๆ ทั้งสิ้น (non-partisan)

เราสามารถพูดได้ว่า “ความเป็นกลาง” สำหรับนักสิทธิมนุษยชนไม่สามารถมีอยู่ได้ เพราะความเป็นกลาง คือ การอยู่ระหว่างกลางในการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนโดยไม่ทำอะไร เช่น ไม่ดำเนินการอะไรเวลาแรงงานข้ามชาติถูกนายจ้างทำร้ายหรือกดขี่ไม่จ่ายค่าแรง ดังนั้นความเป็นกลางนำมาใช้ไม่ได้สำหรับการทำงานทางด้านสิทธิไม่ได้ เพราะความเป็นกลางคือการไม่ทำอะไรเลย (Inaction)

ดังนั้นการทำงานของนักสิทธิมนุษยชนจึงแตกต่างกับนักกิจกรรมทางการเมือง (Political activists) หรือนักการเมืองได้ เนื่องจากสองกลุ่มนี้มีเป้าหมายชัดเจนในการต่อต้านหรือสนับสนุนอะไรบางอย่าง และบางครั้งอาจจะยอมรับการประนีประนอมในหลักการได้

แต่หลักการของนักสิทธิมนุษยชนนั้นยึดหลักเกณฑ์อย่างเข้มแข็งและต้องไม่มีความลำเอียงอย่างชัดเจน คือ การทำงานต้องเป็นไปตามหลักการชัดเจนและเป็นหลักการที่ประนีประนอมไม่ได้ (Non-negotiation)

สองหลักการที่ว่านี้ คือ การยอมรับความเป็นสากลของสิทธิมนุษยชน คือ ต้องอยู่บนพื้นฐานของปฎิญญาว่าด้วยสิทธิมนุษยชน (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) ที่พูดถึงหลักสากลของสิทธิมนุษยชนว่าประชาชนไม่ว่าจะเป็นผู้ชาย ผู้หญิง กลุ่มเพศสภาพ หรือ กลุ่มไร้สัญชาติ ต้องได้รับสิทธิมนุษยชนอย่างเท่าเทียมกัน โดยรวมถึงจุดยืนทางการเมืองแม้ว่าบุคคลนั้นจะเป็นฝ่ายซ้ายหรือฝ่ายขวาต้องมีสิทธิมนุษยชนที่เท่าเทียมกัน

ดังนั้นการที่นักสิทธิมนุษยชนบางประเทศหรือบางชุมชน เลือกที่จะปกป้องสิทธิของผู้ชายและผู้หญิงแต่มองว่ากลุ่มเพศสภาพไม่ควรจะได้รับการเคารพสิทธิก็จะไม่ได้รับการยอมรับว่าทำงานในฐานะนักสิทธิมนุษยชน หรือในกรณีอินเดียที่กลุ่มสิทธิมนุษยชนบางกลุ่มไม่ยอมรับที่จะคุ้มครองสิทธิของคนชนชั้นจัณฑาล (Dalit) ก็จะได้รับการประนามว่าไม่ได้ทำงานภายใต้หลักการสากล มีความลำเอียงและไม่ควรพูดว่าตนเองเป็น “นักสิทธิมนุษยชน” ส่วนหลักการที่สอง คือ การทำงานของนักสิทธิมนุษยชนต้องเป็นการปฎิบัติงานอย่างสันติและต้องต่อต้านการใช้ความรุนแรง

ย้อนกลับกรณีไทย

ในกรณีที่เกิดขึ้นในไทย แม้ว่าที่ผ่านมามีการถกเถียงกันว่านักสิทธิฯ ควรจะมีความเป็นกลางหรือไม่ หรือไม่ควรจะเป็นกลาง ชี้ให้เห็นว่า นอกจากประเทศไทยยังยึดติดกับข้อถกเถียงที่ล้าหลังแล้ว และยังไม่เข้าใจว่านักสิทธิฯ ต้องไม่มีความเป็นกลาง แต่ต้อง “ไม่มีความลำเอียง” และยึดการทำงานตามหลักการของสิทธิมนุษยชนอย่างเข้มแข็งต่างหาก

ในปลายทศวรรษที่ 1970-80 ขบวนการนักสิทธิมนุษยชนในฟิลิปปินส์มีการถกเถียงเกี่ยวกับแนวทางการเคลื่อนไหว โดยในระยะนั้นขบวนการสิทธิมนุษยชนในฟิลิปปินส์มีความเกี่ยวโยงกันกับพรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งฟิลิปปินส์ (Communist Party of the Philippines) เป็นอย่างมาก โดยข้อถกเถียงในช่วงนั้นกลุ่ม Rejectionists ซึ่งเป็นกลุ่มที่ใกล้ชิดกับพรรคคอมมิวนิสต์ฯ มาก มองว่าหลักการสิทธิมนุษยชนสามารถบังคับใช้กับประชาชนเท่านั้น แต่การละเมิดสิทธิเจ้าหน้าที่รัฐหรือตัวแทนของรัฐโดยกลุ่มติดอาวุธของพรรคฯ จะไม่เป็นการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชน ซึ่งเป็นมุมมองที่เลือกปฎิบัติ (discrimination)

ในอีกด้านหนึ่งกลุ่ม Re-affirm มองว่าสิทธิมนุษยชนและการเคารพสิทธิมนุษยชน ต้องใช้กับทุกคนไม่ว่าคนคนนั้นจะเป็นเจ้าหน้าที่รัฐ ประชาชน หรือกลุ่มติดอาวุธของรัฐ

ดังนั้นจึงไม่ใช่เรื่องแปลกที่นักสิทธิมนุษยชนไทยจะได้รับการประนามหรือแสดงความไม่เห็นด้วยกับการที่นักสิทธิมนุษยชนไทยเลือกที่จะประณาม “รัฐบาล” แต่ฝ่ายเดียวในกรณีสถานการณ์สามจังหวัดชายแดนใต้ โดยไม่ประณามกลุ่มผู้ก่อการหรือกลุ่มติดอาวุธของฝ่ายขบวนการ ซึ่งแม้ว่าระดับความรุนแรงที่เกิดขึ้นโดยกลุ่มขบวนการจะมีความรุนแรงในระดับที่เท่ากันหรือสูงกว่าของรัฐ เช่น การตัดหัวเหยื่อ การเผาศพเหยื่อ (อย่างไรก็ตาม ในช่วงหลัง องค์กรด้านสิทธิมนุษยชนอย่างคณะทำงานยุติธรรมเพื่อสันติภาพได้เริ่มออกแถลงการณ์ประณามทั้งสองฝ่ายแล้ว)

การออกแถลงการณ์ในส่วนนี้จะมีความแตกต่างจากองค์กรสิทธิมนุษยชนสากลที่เจนจัดในเวทีและในหลักการไม่ลำเอียงอย่างชัดเจน อย่างเช่น องค์กรฮิวแมนด์ไรท์วอทช์ (Human Rights Watch) หรือแอมเนสตี้อินเตอร์เนชั่นเนล สำนักงานใหญ่ที่ประเทศอังกฤษ (Amnesty International) ซึ่งเลือกที่จะประนามผู้กระทำความผิดทั้งสองฝ่าย คือ ทั้งฝ่ายรัฐ และ ฝ่ายผู้ก่อการ
[iv]

เหตุผลหนึ่งอาจจะเป็นเพราะว่าการถกเถียงหรือการสร้างวาทกรรม (Discourse) ทางด้านสิทธิมนุษยชนยังมีการมองว่ารัฐเป็นผู้กระทำหรือเป็นผู้ละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนเป็นหลัก แต่ไม่ได้มีการพูดถึงกันอย่างแพร่หลายในบทบาทของกลุ่มองค์กรที่ไม่ใช่รัฐ (Non-state actor groups) เช่น กลุ่มทุนข้ามชาติ หรือ กลุ่มติดอาวุธว่าเป็นผู้ที่ละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนได้เช่นเดียวกัน แต่อย่างไรก็ตามผู้เขียนไม่ปฎิเสธว่าความรับผิดชอบหลักในการปกป้องและคุ้มครองสิทธิมนุษยชนเป็นหน้าที่ของรัฐบาล

มุมมองกรณีหลังทักษิณ รัฐประหาร และวิกฤติการเมือง

การที่อดีตนายกรัฐมนตรี พ.ต.ท. ทักษิณ ชินวัตรได้ละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนอย่างหลากหลายอย่างไม่เคยมีมาก่อน เช่น กรณีการฆาตกรรมหมู่ที่ตากใบ สงครามยาเสพติด 2,500 ศพ หรือกรณีอื่น ๆ จึงเป็นเรื่องที่เข้าใจได้แต่ยอมรับไม่ได้ที่นักสิทธิมนุษยชนจำนวนมากเปลี่ยนไปผันตัวไปเป็นนักกิจกรรมทางการเมืองที่เริ่มมี “ความลำเอียง” จนยอมที่ให้มีการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนกับกลุ่มคนที่เชื่อว่าเป็นผู้สนับสนุนระบอบทักษิณได้โดยไม่มีการตั้งคำถาม

หลังจากก่อการรัฐประหาร การที่ประธานคณะกรรมการสิทธิมนุษยชน นายเสน่ห์ จามริกออกมายอมรับรัฐประหารว่า “ยอมรับได้” นับว่าเป็นการถอยกลับของสถานะสิทธิมนุษยชนของประเทศอย่างไม่เคยมีมาก่อน ซึ่งกรณีได้รวมถึงการที่องค์กรต่าง ๆ ไม่มีการออกแถลงการณ์ประนามการรัฐประหาร หรือการที่ไม่มีองค์กรสิทธิมนุษยชนออกมาประณามคณะปฎิรูปการปกครองในระบอบประชาธิปไตย (คปค.) ได้คุมขังอดีตรัฐมนตรีและคนใกล้ชิดของอดีตนายกฯ ทักษิณเป็นระยะเวลามากกว่ามาตรฐานของหลักสิทธิมนุษยชนที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการคุมขัง ซึ่งการละเมิดสิทธิฯ ในส่วนนี้ต้องรอจนกว่าองค์กรสิทธิมนุษยชนระดับภูมิภาคอย่าง Asian Centre for Human Rights ที่ประจำอยู่ที่กรุงนิวเดลี ประเทศอินเดียจะต้องตั้งคำถามก่อนที่องค์กรสิทธิฯ ไทยจะตั้งคำถามกับกรณีนี้

หลังจากการเลือกตั้ง กรณีการปะทะกันของกลุ่มพันธมิตรประชาชนเพื่อประชาธิปไตย (พธม.) กับกลุ่มแนวร่วมประชาชนเพื่อประชาธิปไตยขับไล่เผด็จการ (นปก.) เห็นได้ชัดว่ากลุ่มองค์กรสิทธิฯ มีความลำเอียงอย่างชัดเจน
[v]

บทบาทขององค์กรสิทธิฯ คือ ต้องประนามบุคคลหรือกลุ่มที่มีการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนอย่างเท่าเทียมกัน ตามหลักสิทธิมนุษยชน ไม่ว่าจะเป็นกฎกติกาต่าง ๆ เช่น กติการะหว่างประเทศว่าด้วยสิทธิพลเมืองและสิทธิทางการเมือง กติการะหว่างประเทศว่าด้วยสิทธิทางเศรษฐกิจ สังคม วัฒนธรรม ฯลฯ

องค์กรสิทธิมนุษยชนส่วนใหญ่กลับมีการประณามเพียงฝ่าย นปก. โดยไม่มีการประนามฝ่ายพธม. แม้ว่าการกระทำของพันธมิตรฯ มีความรุนแรง มีการใช้อาวุธ และรวมถึงการบุกยึดสถานีโทรทัศน์เอ็นบีที ถ้าเราย้อนกลับไปเราจะเห็นว่ากลุ่มนปก. ในกรณีที่โดนตำรวจสลายการชุมนุมที่หน้าบ้านสี่เสาเทเวศน์ไม่ได้รับการคุ้มครองในระดับเดียวกับกับที่กลุ่มพันธมิตรฯ ได้รับเมือเทียบกับกรณีที่ตำรวจพยายามจะสลายการชุมนุมของพันธมิตรฯ เมื่อชุมนุมภายในทำเนียบรัฐบาล แม้ว่าการชุมนุมของนปก.จะสามารถอธิบายได้ว่าเป็นการชุมนุมตามกฎหมายสิทธิมนุษยชนมากกว่าเนื่องจากเป็นการชุมนุมในพื้นที่สาธารณะ แต่กรณีพันธมิตรฯ เป็นการชุมนุมในพื้นที่ของราชการ และขัดกับกติการะหว่างประเทศว่าด้วยสิทธิทางพลเมืองและสิทธิทางการเมืองที่ให้สิทธิการชุมนุมอย่างสันติก็ต่อเมือสิทธินี้ไม่ไปรุกรานหรือทำร้ายสิทธิของผู้อื่น
[vi]

ซึ่งเป็นเรื่องที่น่าเศร้าอีกครั้งในการปะทะกันเมือวานนี้ (วันที่ 7 ตุลาคม) ระหว่างเจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจและกลุ่มพันธมิตรฯ ที่ความลำเอียงในการไม่ประณามพันธมิตรยังคงอยู่อย่างมาก โดยในแถลงการณ์ส่วนใหญ่ไม่มีการประณามพันธมิตรเลยหรือพยายามในภาษาในการซ้อนความลำเอียง เช่น เรียกร้องให้พันธมิตรปกป้องประชาชนแต่ไม่ประณามพันธมิตรโดยตรง ทั้ง ๆ ที่มีรายงานออกมาอย่างชัดเจนว่าผู้ชุมนุมของพันธมิตรฯ ได้ทำร้ายเจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจอย่างรุนแรง เช่น กรณีการขับรถชนเจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจที่นำไปสู่การบาดเจ็บของเจ้าหน้าที่กว่าสิบนาย การใช้อาวุธปืนทำให้เจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจบาดเจ็บสามนาย หรือ การที่ผู้ชุมนุมเอาปลายธงแทงทะลุปอดเจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจจนบาดเจ็บสาหัส ฯลฯ

บทสรุป

องค์กรสิทธิมนุษยชนไทยในขณะนี้ไม่เพียงแต่กำลังสร้างบรรทัดฐาน (Precedent) ที่แสดงให้เห็นว่าองค์กรสิทธิฯ มีความลำเอียง และไม่ได้ทำงานบนหลักการสิทธิมนุษยชนสากล ในขณะนี้องค์กรสิทธิฯได้ผันตัวเป็นองค์กรที่มีความลำเอียง และเลือกที่จะประนามกลุ่มที่ตนเองหรือองค์กรตัวเองเห็นว่าทำถูก โดยที่เหยื่อของการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนกลับไม่ได้รับสิทธิที่จะเยียวยา

นอกจากนี้ องค์กรสิทธิฯ ไทยกำลังสร้างปัญหาและผลกระทบที่กำลังจะเกิดขึ้นโดยไม่ได้มีการคาดการณ์ คือ องค์กรสิทธิกำลังยอมรับการที่กลุ่มพันธมิตรประชาชนเพื่อประชาธิปไตยกำลังทำลายสิทธิในการการชุมนุมอย่างสันติ (Rights to peaceful assembly) โดยอ้างเอาสิทธิในส่วนนี้มาใช้อย่างผิด ๆ อย่างไร้ความรับผิดชอบ

ดังนั้นองค์กรสิทธิฯ ต้องมีการคิดและไตร่ตรองอย่างหนักและให้ชัดเจนว่าองค์กรสิทธิจะยอมผันตัวเองและละทิ้งหลักการในการทำงานของตัวเองหรือไม่ ซึ่งการยอมให้พันธมิตรฯ ใช้ข้ออ้างเรื่องสิทธิในส่วนนี้มาใช้ในการชุมนุมอย่างผิดหลักสิทธิมนุษยชน คือ การแอบอ้าง (Abuse) ว่าการชุมนุมที่ใช้อาวุธและไม่สันติ กลายเป็นการชุมนุมที่สันติได้

ข้ออ้างนี้อาจจะกลายไปหอกที่กลับมาแทงองค์กรสิทธิฯ ได้ในอนาคต รัฐบาลพลังประชาชนหรือรัฐบาลอื่น ๆ ในอนาคตอาจจะใช้ข้ออ้างนี้ในการลดความชอบธรรมสิทธิการชุมนุม (ที่เป็นสันติจริง ๆ) ลงไปได้ (เช่น อ้างว่าการชุมนุมที่จะเกิดขึ้นในอนาคตไม่ว่าจะกรณีใด เป็นการชุมนุมทีมีความรุนแรง โดยอธิบายว่าองค์กรสิทธิฯ โกหกว่าการชุมนุมที่ไม่สันติในอดีตคือตอนนี้เป็นการชุมนุมที่สันติ)

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[i] ผู้เขียนขอเรียกคนที่ทำงานทางด้านสิทธิมนุษยชนว่ากลุ่มนักสิทธิมนุษยชนไทย แทนการเรียกว่าขบวนการสิทธิมนุษยชน (human rights movement) เพราะผู้เขียนโดยส่วนตัวมองว่าในประเทศไทยไม่มีขบวนการสิทธิมนุษยชนดังที่มีอยู่ในประเทศฟิลิปปินส์ อินโดนีเซีย หรือเกาหลีใต้ ซึ่งเป็นเพราะการล้มเหลวในการขยายวงคนทำงานทางด้านสิทธิมนุษยชนไปในวงกว้าง ซึ่งผู้เขียนไม่ขออภิปรายในส่วนนี้
[ii] รับรองในมติที่ 53/144 ของสมัชชาใหญ่ของสหประชาชาติ วันที่ 9 ธันวาคม ค.ศ. 1998
[iii] ผู้เขียนมีปัญหาในการแปลว่า impartiality ในคำ ๆ เดียว คือ ความไม่ลำเอียง ซึ่งผู้เขียนมองว่า impartiality สำหรับนักสิทธิมนุษยชน น่าจะหมายถึง “ความเป็นธรรมอย่างมีหลักการตามกฎกติการสิทธิมนุษยชนสากล” ซึ่งรวมถึงว่าบุคคลทุกบุคคลไม่ว่าจะเป็นรัฐ ประชาชน กลุ่มทุน บริษัท กลุ่มติดอาวุธ มีหน้าที่ในการส่งเสริมและคุ้มครองสิทธิมนุษยชนเท่ากันหมด แม้ว่ารัฐจะเป็นผู้ที่ต้องมีความรับผิดชอบที่สำคัญที่สุด (sole responsibility) โดยที่หลักสิทธิมนุษยชนที่ว่า คือ ทางสิทธิทางด้านพลเมือง การเมือง เศรษฐกิจ สังคม วัฒนธรรม (civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights)
[iv] ดูรายงานการตรวจสอบของฮิวแมนด์ไรท์วอทช์, “No one is safe: Insurgent Attacks on Civilians in Thailand’s Southern Border Provinces”, กรณีการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนโดยกลุ่มขบวนการ ซึ่งนับว่าเป็นรายงานแรกที่มีการประณามกลุ่มขบวนการในภาคใต้อย่างชัดเจนกรณีการละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนกับประชาชน ดูที่ http://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/Thailand0807
[v] ผู้เขียนได้ตั้งคำถามนี้ใน บท OP-ED, “Views on Black Tuesday: Civil Society Groups biased in blaming UDD alone”, ในหนังสือพิมพ์บางกอกโพสต์ในวันที่ 5 กันยายน 2551 หลังจากมีการปะทะกันระหว่างกลุ่มพันธมิตรฯ และกลุ่มนปก., ดูได้ที่ http://www.bangkokpost.com/050908_News/05Sep2008_news21.php
[vi] ดูมาตรา 21 ของกติการะหว่างประเทศว่าด้วยสิทธิพลเมืองและสิทธิทางการเมืองที่ว่า, “The rights of peaceful assembly shall be recognized. No restrictions may be placed on the exercise of this right [except for] the protection of the rights and freedoms of others”.

Saturday, September 27, 2008

Commemoration of the 1 year Anniversary of the Saffron Revolution


Yesterday and today, the Peace for Burma, which is a coalition of individuals and organisations that have been campaigning for democracy and human rights in Burma, organised series of activities such as seminar, candlelight vigil, and demonstration. It was done to commemorate the "Saffron Revolution", the mass peaceful demonstrations across Burma in August-September 2007 calling for an end to fuel hike, the release of political prisoners and Aung San Suu Kyi, and the call for national reconcilitation. The demonstration was led by Buddhist monks, therefore the movement was called as "Saffron Revolution" - saffron being the color of the robes worn by Buddhist monks.

The event ended with brutal crackdown on the demonstrators which resulted to at least 31 death and numerous numbers of disappearances which are still unaccounted for. The number was confirmed by the former UN Special Rapporteur on Burma, Professor Paulo Pinheiro, but the pro-democracy groups raise that the numbers would be much higher, perhaps up to 400-500 killed.

ASEAN, in the midst of its ratification process of the charter, has been addressing the issue on Burma weakly, if not none at all. It was interestingly pointed out by Dr. Buranaj Smutharak, a member of the ASEAN Inter-Parliamentary Myanmar Caucus that if ASEAN cannot solve the problem of Burma - as it has failed to do so in the past 20 years - ASEAN will be irrelevant to the region and to the world.

I hope that admist the massive public stunts by ASEAN governments and the ASEAN Secretary-General that the ASEAN Charter will make the oranisation a "people's oriented" one and will benefit the well-being people. Moreover I hope that ASEAN can really deliver in pressuring Burma to move forward and to respect human rights and democracy (and to bring those perpetretors in the massacre during the Saffron Revolution to justice).

If not, ASEAN will be remembered as an organisation that allows "the ASEAN people" to be shot, beatened, and tortured massacred while the ASEAN's states watch and allow those atrocities to continue. Then, we will have to sadly reflect that the "people's oriented" principle of ASEAN is just a public stunt and a sham rhetoric.

Below is a coverage of reuters on our event. Credits of the photo goes to Prachatai.
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Activists commemorate anniversary of Myanmar's bloody protests.

Dozens of Thai and Myanmar activists held a peaceful demonstration outside Bangkok's Culture Centre on Friday (September 26) to demand democracyin Myanmar and commemorate the first anniversary of Myanmar's bloody crackdown.


About 35 protesters held banners and chanted slogans "Free Burma and Free Aung San Suu Kyi" while marching to one of the main shopping districts in Bangkok.

The activists, who wore red T-shirts, gathered to show their supportfor the people of Myanmar and urge the international community to put an end to human rights violations in the country.

Candles were lit in memory of those killed in last September'scrackdown and were followed by a moment of silence.

At least 31 people were killed when soldiers opened fire on crowds across the former capital of Yangon, the United Nations estimates. Western governments say the real toll was probably higher. A Japanese journalist wasamong the dead.

Dissidents in Thailand expect more protests as the country's outlook remains grim, with the junta expected to hold elections in 2010, a move some activists think could entrench military rule.

The junta bans Myanmar nationals from holding political office if they have foreign spouses or children with foreign passports - a clause said by protesters to prevent the election of political prisoner and opposition leaderof the National League for Democracy (NLD) Aung Suu Kyi.

"Recently, Myanmar's military junta just said Aung San Suu Kyi could not join the election in 2010. It's truly showing that Myanmar's government is not sincere about upholding democracy in the country," said protester Pokpong Lawansiri.

A year ago, the junta ordered troops into central Yangon to end a week of massive demonstrations led by Buddhist monks who called for the removal of45 years of army rule. This week, 79-year-old journalist Win Tin, Myanmar's longest-serving political prisoner, was freed after 19 years in jail. Another 2,100 remain behind bars.

Suu Kyi has been in prison or under house arrest for 13 of the last 19 years.

Source: http://tvscripts.edt.reuters.com/2008-09-26/9731d41.html


Thursday, September 25, 2008

VIEWS ON BLACK TUESDAY: Civil Society groups biased in blaming UDD alone


The violent clash between the anti-government People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) and the pro-government United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD) in the early hours of Sept 2, which resulted in the death of one person and more than 40 injured, reflects sadly on the future of Thai politics. It is also a reflection of the government's failure to ensure the safety of its citizens.

Although this incident started after the UDD crowd had marched near the PAD's camp-out in the premises of Government House, the UDD should not be the only group condemned, as this was a case of violence coming from both sides.

Video pictures of protesters, armed and unarmed, being beaten unconscious are reminiscent of footage of the massacre on Oct 6, 1976 when student activists were lynched by right-wing militia mobs. This time, video clips showing anti-government protesters armed with sticks and metal rods beating supporters of the UDD, including women, outside the United Nations building show that this was not only an attack by the UDD alone, as the PAD has claimed.

Looking at this situation through the lens of human rights, it is clear that both sides are liable to be condemned for violations - ranging from the "right to life" to the "right [against being] subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment".

Those rights are protected under the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which Thailand ratified in 1996. The covenant highlights the states, individuals and communities responsible for promoting and observing those rights - which implies that the PAD and UDD also are responsible for upholding these rights.

Yesterday, civil society organisations (CSOs) began issuing statements in response to the situation. Looking at the general trend of these statements, it is quite alarming that they castigate only a particular group. While the clash quite clearly involved both sides, many organisations chose to condemn only the pro-government faction.

Throughout Thai history, the state is believed to have a monopoly on violence. Given that understanding, rarely have non-state groups been seen as perpetrators of violence. Most civic groups, however, view the pro-government UDD group as having a personality identical with the government. This was partly due to the media's linking the UDD with the government, although it has yet to be proven concretely whether this truly carries weight.

Many CSOs have overlooked the fact that the PAD has been instigating violence directly and verbally, and have failed to see that the PAD has used the argument of the right to freedom of expression to camouflage its actions. The rights of PAD's political enemies have never been respected on the PAD's stage.

These CSOs also overlook the occupation of the NBT by the PAD's armed guards and the closure of two southern airports - which have been used as tools to pressure the prime minister to resign - as a breach of the right to peaceful assembly. They view these actions as an act of civil disobedience, although ironically the fathers of the said principle, like Mahatma Gandhi or Martin Luther King Jr, never did violate the rights of others while exercising civil disobedience.
From the viewpoint of many civic organisations PM Samak Sundaravej, whom they see as a nominee of ousted premier Thaksin Shinawatra, is their ultimate enemy. Therefore they are willing to do everything to put an end to the so-called Thaksin regime.

They are making a mistake. They have failed to look at the methods the PAD has used and to question whether the methodology is justified. We must note that the PAD's method of using force to occupy television stations and airports is the first of its kind. The occupation of airports is a direct violation of the rights of thousands of passengers affected by the blockade. We must also take into account that the demonstrations of the PAD have created a bad precedent for future rights to assembly in the people's movement.

In the past, demonstrations never turned violent, apart from those that had been ended by an unjust onslaught from government forces. If the civil society groups are willing to rip away their principles and remain silent on the violations of the PAD, they should be ready to face all the consequences. Most importantly, by not condemning the PAD along with the UDD, and by not calling on the government to exercise its obligation to conduct an impartial investigation to ensure that perpetrators of the violence from both sides are dealt with according to the law, this could mean that civic groups are condoning, if not directly supporting, a culture of impunity in the country.

Thailand's numerous records of impunity have remained unsolved. The cases of death and disappearance, from Oct 14, 1973, Oct 6, 1976, the Black May incident, the war on drugs, to the Tak Bai incident, have yet to be solved. We just have to hope that in the years from now, members of the CSOs will not be recognised as a factor which allowed the perpetrators of the Black Tuesday incident to walk free without being held to account.

This, although a preventable tragedy, will haunt the Thai civil society organisations for years to come.


This article first appeared in Bangkok Post, 5 September 2008

Source:
http://www.bangkokpost.com/050908_News/05Sep2008_news21.php

THAI POLITICS: Finally, the PAD shows its true colours


The raid on the headquarters of NBT on the morning of Aug 26 by a group of anti-government protesters alleged to have carried guns and long knives, has struck alarm among human rights and media freedom groups.

The action is one of the few cases of direct harassment of the media in contemporary Thai political history.

The raid conducted by members of the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) on the NBT public television station was among a series of raids on government offices, ministries and roadblock protests across the country.

The raid was seen as an unbelievable act, carried out by an anti-government group which has been quite popular among middle-class Thais and Bangkokians.

While the PAD has always told the public that it is a coalition which supports the use of non-violent acts of civil disobedience, these series of key incidents reveals how far the PAD will go in fighting to achieve its goal: the resignation of Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej and his entire cabinet; in other words, an end to this government.

To PAD watchers like Professor Prabhas Pintoptang of Chulalongkorn's faculty of political science, the coalition has been seen as planting structural hatred and division in society on a scale far worse than that ever achieved by the previous government under ousted premier Thaksin Shinawatra.

In his interview with Thai Post last month, Prof Prabhas said the PAD had become ''an ultra-nationalist movement''.

He said the PAD was using the same demonisation tactics employed by the right-wing militia to crush the pro-democracy student movement in the mid-1970s, which ended in the lynching of student activists near Thammasat University on Oct 6, 1976.

Those seen by the PAD as their enemies have been branded as thieves and bandits, and therefore were eligible to be subjected to the worst kind of treatment.

Vulgar words have been used against respected figures in social movements, such as Jon Ungpakorn, a former senator of Bangkok who founded the independent online news source, Prachatai.

Prachatai has been presenting views critical of the PAD's use of acts considered tantamount to lese majeste in their attacks on political enemies.

Just days after Prof Prabhas criticised the PAD through his writings, his name was mentioned on the PAD stage, with the subjective argument that Prof Prabhas had worked for years with the Assembly of the Poor (AOP) as an adviser simply to gain popularity.

In fact, the PAD's tactic of raiding government offices using force has nothing in common with the AOP, the first mass movement organisation known for its non-violent direct action against a government dam project in Ubon Ratchatani province.

Under the Thai constitution and the UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, to which Thailand is a state party, freedom of assembly is guaranteed when it is carried out peacefully without the use of force. Human rights defenders see the right to peaceful assembly as a basic right along with the rights to freedom of expression and association, which governments may not tamper with.

However, storming government offices and occupying them with force is definitely contradictory to the stated international human rights standards.

Looking at the composition of the PAD now, you will notice that this movement is no longer a broad-based ''alliance'' as it was during the anti-Thaksin days in 2006. Civil society groups in the PAD now only comprise a few individuals, not of broad-based networks like the Assembly of the Poor, NGO Coordinating Committee on Development, Four Regions Slum Network, or the Students Federation of Thailand (SFT) - a countrywide network of student unions and student activist groups. Earlier this year, the SFT publicly expressed its dissatisfaction of the PAD's strategies and withdrew from the grouping.

This is because the PAD no longer mentions issues relating to the welfare of the people. Issues such as the government's policies towards trade liberalisation which are affecting the people; human rights violations such as the case of Tak Bai, or the menacing war against drugs under the Thaksin administration; or issues relating to an attempt to push policy towards the creation of an economic system similar to that of a welfare state.

The PAD's focus is now on superficial issues, which would not benefit members of the poor or marginalised groups. Many social critics have commented that the reason the PAD's core leaders continue to wish to overthrow a democratically-elected government is their fear of becoming the target of revenge from the previous government, which has close links with this government - nothing more.

A recent interview given by Sonthi Limthongkul, a key leader of the PAD, reveals that he would not be critical of another military coup d'etat, if the regime that would come to power agreed with the demonstrators' goals.

We are now at a critical juncture in Thai political development and democracy. The coup d'etat of 2006 undid years of political development, which tried to minimise the military's involvement in politics and to create a functioning democracy.

For now, we can only hope that the series of ill-directed campaigns by the People's Alliance for Democracy will not bring Thailand to a deadlock, leading towards the legitimisation of another failed shortcut to democracy.

(First appears in Bangkok Post, 28 August 2008)

Source:
http://www.bangkokpost.com/280808_News/28Aug2008_news13.php

Bush as Human Rights Champion?

The visit of George W Bush to Bangkok early this month to mark the 175th anniversary of relations between Thailand and the United States drew great attention to the Burmese pro-democracy communities in Thailand.

Bush visited Thailand in October 2003 during his first term to attend an Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting, where he was met with demonstrations by thousands of Thai and international peace activists who opposed his administration’s human rights record.

It remains difficult for many human rights activists around the world to understand why Burmese activists see the US government as a staunch supporter of human rights.

Globally, Bush is seen not as a strong supporter of democracy and human rights, but as a staunch supporter of the use of force, so-called “pre-emptive attacks” as illustrated by his famous phase, “You are with us or against us.”

Bush used those words in 2003 to rally public support by linking Al-Qaeda with the then Iraqi government, claiming Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction (WMD). In a 2006 report by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, it was estimated that 650,000 Iraqis have died in the US-led war in Iraq.

The action by the US government in Iraq is totally contradictory to the international concept of humanitarian intervention, which justifies military intervention with multilateral agreement through inter-governmental organisations like the UN only if the action alleviates the suffering of a country’s citizens.

Regarding the UN Human Rights Council, the US is a proponent of reforms. The US was among four countries that voted against the reform of the UN Commission on Human Rights to become the Human Rights Council in March 2005. In June, the US announced that it will disengage from the UN Human Rights Council after it failed to cooperate with human rights experts the council dispatched to conduct an investigation of prison conditions at Guantanamo Bay.

The US government under Bush has also been a strong opponent against the Rome Statute of International Criminal Court (ICC). Human Rights Watch reported in 2002, his administration negotiated with the Security Council to provide immunity for US troops when they committed violations. His administration also has requested states around the world to approve bilateral agreements, known as the “impunity agreement,” not to surrender American nationals to the ICC.

While China and Russia continue to be the key vetoes at the UN Security Council (UNSC) against binding resolutions on the Burmese military regime, the US has vetoed UNSC resolutions calling for Israel to respect human rights in Gaza and the West Bank and against the deployment of monitoring team to those areas.

How do Burmese activists see such policies? Critical questions should be raised on why the US government supports the pro-democracy movement in Burma. Burmese activists should not turn their eyes away from human rights violations committed in the countries of US allies such as Saudi Arabia, Israel, Egypt and others.

Bush calls the recent attacks by Russia in Georgia unlawful, but unilateral attacks by the US were carried out in Iraq and Afghanistan. In China, Bush talked about prisoners of conscience being detained without trial, while at the same time prisoners are held at the secret Guantanamo Prison without trial as well.

The Burmese democracy movement should ask more questions about the global human rights movement of the US government.

Strategy is necessary when dealing with governments, but the Burmese movement should fully understand the policies of the US as a defender of human rights. Looking at a situation with two eyes is better than with one eye.

In citing reasons for US backing, many Burmese point to the benefits of Burma having a democratic government, as a means of lessening China’s influence in the region.

But can our Burmese friends really call the US a staunch supporter of human rights while it overlooks human rights violations in other places such as Iraq, Guantanamo Bay, Abu-Graib Prison and countries that are strong allies of the US?

(First appears in The Irrawaddy, 14 August 2008)

Source:
http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=13855

Asean must move on Human Rights


As the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Asean) develops into a more cohesive and effective inter-governmental body following the signing of the Asean Charter in November last year, human rights groups are observing keenly the development of the Asean human rights body (AHRB).

In the 41st Asean Ministerial Meeting (AMM), being held in Singapore until Thursday, July 24, Asean will appoint the High Level Panel (HLP) that will be responsible for drafting the terms of reference (TOR) of the AHRB. The structure of the panel, with one member from each of the ten Asean states, is expected to be similar to the High Level Task Force (HLTF), which was in charge of the drafting of the Asean Charter. The HLTF came under heavy criticism from civil society groups as it was not very open to their input.

As of now all Asean governments should have selected their representatives to the HLP, although at this writing it is not known for certain who these representatives are. For Thailand, Professor Vitit Muntarbhorn, a renowned Chulalongkorn University human rights law expert and a UN Special Investigator on human rights in North Korea, is speculated to be on the panel.

Some countries may not select representatives according to the chief criterion of human rights expertise. The CMLV bloc (Cambodia, Myanmar/Burma, Laos, and Vietnam), who are seen to be less open to human rights, and indeed may view the issue as a non-Asean concept, are expected to appoint bureaucrats to lay the guidelines for the AHRB.

As Asean continues its debate to reach a common human rights concept as the basis of the AHRB, organisations such as the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (Southeast Asia Office) insists that its foundation should be laid according to international human rights standards.

Human rights defenders (HRDs) in Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Burma (Thai-Burmese border) that have engaged in comprehensive national consultations held by the Civil Society Task Force on Asean and Human Right, a network of national and regional human rights organisations in Asean, have also concluded that the composition of the HLP and the AHRB once it is set up should consist of independent human rights experts, and not merely civil servants who lack the appropriate background.

The AHRB should not be merely a window dressing mechanism; it should be able to carry out significant monitoring, investigation, and protection work, and should be empowered to conduct fact-finding missions and access human rights victims. It should also prioritise and ensure that the indivisibility and universality of human rights principles will be emphasised. These include the inseparable links between civil, political with economic, social, and cultural rights.

Asean Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan challenged Asean's cultural relativism principle during a two-day 7th Workshop on Asean Regional Human Rights Mechanism held in Singapore from 12-13 June, 2008 by the Working Group for an Asean Human Rights Mechanism, the Singapore Institute of International Affairs, and the Singaporean Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Mr Surin said that Asean has to "look back at our roots, in the documents of our civilisations, to see if we really have different definitions of human rights". He believed that historically there has always been a similar definition of the worth of human beings and human rights in all Asean civilisations, which in a way delegitimises the argument of an "Asean way" that sees human rights as a foreign concept.

As all Asean countries are members of the UN, with the Philippines and Malaysia being represented in the prestigious UN Human Rights Council, Asean countries should refrain from exhibiting such an outdated stance. Human rights advocates are not calling for the invention of new standards, but want to ensure that the AHRB is guided by standards that all Asean countries, as well as the international community, can agree upon, like the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, and other international human rights treaties.

Most importantly, Asean officials should not rest on their laurels and continue to say that this Asean Charter is a milestone document as it includes an Asean human rights body. In the eyes of Asean observers, although the development is welcomed, Asean needs to accelerate its development by setting up a long-term timeline for the future. It should be noted that Asean is the only regional body that has yet to establish a human rights mechanism. Our African, American and European counterparts have had functioning regional human rights mechanisms for decades, such as the European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and the African Commission for Human and People's Rights.

At the 26th Asean Ministerial Meeting in Singapore in 1993 the foreign ministers reaffirmed Asean's commitment to and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as set out in the Vienna Declaration, and agreed that Asean should coordinate a common approach on human rights and actively participate and contribute to the application, promotion and protection of human rights. A communique from the 26th AMM states that the ministers "agreed that Asean should consider the establishment of an appropriate regional mechanism on human rights." Yet in the intervening 15 years little progress has been made.

In fact, Asean UN members agreed to establish a regional human rights protection mechanism as far back as December 1977, almost 21 years ago, when the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 32/127, which says "...in areas where regional (mechanisms) in the field of human rights do not exist (states should) consider agreements with a view to the establishment (of) ... suitable regional machinery for the promotion and protection of human rights."

In view of this, Asean must now set up the mechanisms for human rights protection in a timely manner and should not delay the establishment of the AHRB any longer.

However, in speeding up the process, Asean must ensure broad participation and transparency through regular and systemised consultations with human rights organisations and civil society groups at both national and regional levels.

Dr Surin Pitsuwan stated clearly at the workshop that in order to make Asean a "people's centred" regional organisation, as highlighted in the Asean Charter, the HLP must operate under the principle of rule of law and good governance and must reflect "the people's aspirations, expectations, and dreams".

We hope that soon the victims of human rights violations in Burma, Southern Thailand, West Papua, Mindanao, or elsewhere in Asean, will see the creation of a human rights mechanism which will assist them in achieving their aspirations through the promotion and protection of their basic rights as human beings.

(First appears in Bangkok post's Sunday Perspective, 20 July 2008)

Source:
http://www.bangkokpost.com/200708_Perspective/20Jul2008_pers001.php

Postpone Signing Asean Charter until People Are Heard


Officials of Asean will sign a charter designed to turn the loosely structured regional body into a rule-based organization at the 13th Asean Summit in Singapore this month.

Asean has functioned without a legally binding document for more than a decade, unlike other regional inter-governmental organisations such as the European Union, the Organisation of American States and the African Union.

The plan to drafting a “people-centred charter,” a term used by Asean, surfaced in December 2005, when Asean heads of state met in Kuala Lumpur and adopted the Kuala Lumpur Declaration on the Establishment of the Asean Charter.

While Asean claims that the drafting of the charter has been “people-centred,” the real voice of the people hasn't been heard, because of the lack of people participation in drafting the charter.

Throughout the two-year process, a number of key civil society organisations in the region, many of which come under the banner of the Solidarity for Asia People's Advocacy (SAPA) Working Group on Asean (a network of Asian NGOs and trade unions) have made proposals on several key issues including human rights, a credible and efficient body, social and economic justice, participatory democracy, rule of law, the right to development, ecologically sustainable development, cultural diversity and gender equality.

So far, the inclusion of a human rights body in the charter seems to be designed only to provide a soapbox to voice concern rather than to directly address human rights violations.

Both the time-frame and process of charter drafting brings the issues of transparency and accountability of Asean into question. Asean member states have announced with confidence prior to the 2007 summit that the charter will be adopted, despite people’s participation in the process being severely limited.

To take Thailand as an example, the forums that discussed the charter were only open to government bodies, think tanks and a limited number of civil society groups. The forums did nothing to tackle the perception of the people that Asean is irrelevant to their everyday lives.

Instead, it has been left to other civil society groups to try to reach out to Asean officials, the Eminent Person Groups (EPG) and the High Level Task Force on the Drafting of the Asean Charter (HLTF) [drafters of the charter], to bring the people’s concerns to them, rather the other way around.

In Cambodia, the representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs refused to show up at the NGO-organised forum intended to raise the awareness of the people. This is not to mentioned countries such as Laos, Vietnam, Burma and Brunei where civil society barely exists because of political oppression.

Civil society groups have continued to ask why it was necessary to cram the drafting of the charter into a two-year time frame. Officials would reply that the charter must be signed. How can this be, if the people’s voices are not taken into account?

The public will not see the actual draft of the charter prior to its signing at the Asean summit, less than three weeks away. Recently, more than 200 activists in the Asean+ Civil Society Conference III, held on November 2-4 in Singapore, again called on Asean to ensure transparency through the disclosure of the draft ASEAN charter and to engage in public consultation and discussion before its adoption.

If Asean really wants this charter to be a people-oriented one, it must hear the voices of the people.

Delaying the signing of the Asean charter until this is done will be more acceptable than adopting a “people-centred” charter in name only—in short, a propaganda ploy.

Otherwise, Asean will continue to be seen as an elitist organisation that does not represent the true interests of the people it is supposed to represent.

(First Appears in The Irrawaddy, 7 November 2007)

Source:
http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=9251

Moving forward on Burma?


This week the international community witnessed the United Nations Human Rights Council (HRC) convening a Special Session focusing on the human rights situation in Burma.

Although the call by Portugal and 17 member states of the HRC to bring the rising violations in Burma to the discussion table at the newly created international human rights body was seen as a positive move, some NGOs reflected that it was a little late as the crackdown on demonstrators had started days earlier.

Either way, the convening of this session can still be seen as a good start in helping to publicise the terrible human rights situation in a country that has produced - through its own military oppression - 2 million refugees and asylum seekers, and hundreds of thousands of internally displaced persons. It is also a good development from the perspective of Asian NGOs, as some of these groups had believed that issues in Asia has been neglected by the HRC due to the four previous special sessions focusing on Darfur, Lebanon and Palestine.

The one-day session saw a number of governments making positive interventions. The European Union delegates joined hands in condemning the violence committed by the junta, calling for an end to the crackdown and bringing the perpetrators to justice. They urged the Burmese junta to allow Professor Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, the Special Rapporteur on the human rights situation in Burma, to visit the country to assess the rights violations. Rangoon has denied Professor Pinheiro access to the country since 2003 - an act in defiance of the international human rights mechanism.

One of the most remarkable statements was by the Swedish diplomat, who was in Rangoon at the time of the violence, providing first-hand information to the HRC of the brutal crackdown on monks and demonstrators, as well as accounts of people being chased down alleys and shot by troops. Japan highlighted the killings as appalling, and called on the SPDC not to exercise "oppressive force". Mauritius said that the "free world will not tolerate the gunning down of people who are demanding freedom and justice".

The statements made by 50-plus countries in condemning the recent crackdown was a rare and magnificent show of unity. It illustrates that the momentum of the international community on Burma is on the rise - reflecting that the world is paying close attention to the situation. However, the outcome of the session, despite its resolution, fell far short of the high expectations of Burmese activists and NGOs. The resolution does not provide any unique or concrete means to end the violations.

The resolution's condemnation of the heinous actions of the generals and its call for the release of all political prisoners is still very weak - reflecting the similarity of resolutions made by the UN Commission for Human Rights, the predecessor body to the HRC. What is lacking in the resolution is an action-oriented determination. While the human rights groups recommended fact-finding consisting of thematic-based special procedures and a long-term independent monitoring team to be set up inside the country, the resolution only calls for the visit of the Special Rapporteur.

Even though the resolution is not what the NGOs hoped it would be, the call for the Special Rapporteur's urgent visit to Burma is still vital to the human rights development of the country.
The Asian HRC members, especially those in Asean, need to truly pressure the SPDC to accept the visit of Pinheiro. Asean cannot continue pushing along with its non-interference policy while its neighbour and fellow member kills its own people who are fighting empty handed for democracy.

There have been numerous reports of continued violations since the crackdown. There are unconfirmed reports that the number of those killed could be up to 1,000, while even the more conservative estimates says 200. These figures are contradictory to the numbers given by the junta.

The visit of Pinheiro is most important as there are reports of the junta launching house to house searches and raids during the night to arrest and detain those suspected of taking part in the demonstrations.

The testimony of an army major (who defected) that he was ordered to massacre monks is also dreadful. Many Burmese groups in exile have raised concerns about how monks vanished from the streets after the crackdown. Rumours continue to be heard about brutal reprisals by the military. Therefore, the visit of the Special Rapporteur to assess the human rights situation is very important in providing at least some information about what is currently going on inside Burma.

The people of Burma have suffered much in their struggle for democracy and human rights. The international community, especially those members of the Human Rights Council, should not fail them or let them wait any longer.

(First appears in The Nation, 10 October 2007)

Source:
http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2007/10/10/opinion/opinion_30051955.php

Celebrating 62nd Aung San Suu Kyi?s Birthday: Progress or Regress


The 19 June 2007 once again brings the celebration of Aung San Suu Kyi's birthday. On this occasion, thousands of Burmese and international human rights defenders (HRDs) are celebrating the birthday of the world's only imprisoned Nobel Laureate and discussing plans for the future of democracy in Burma.

Aung San Suu Kyi's house arrest was extended last month after her third detention following the Depayin Massacre on 30 May 2003, where her convoy was attacked by the Union for Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) a militia-wing of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC). To date, she has been under house arrest for more than 11 years.

The day is also marked as the "Women's Day of Burma" to highlight the roles of women human rights defenders (WHRDs), including women political prisoners in Burma who are fighting and struggling for the betterment of the people, while their roles are rarely recognized.

Apart from recognizing Aung San Suu Kyi as the symbol of the struggle in Burma, there are women like Dr. Cythia Maung, who has worked for the betterment of the lives thousands of Karen refugees on Thai-Burma Boarder, or Sham Tong, a young Shan activist speaking out about the massive sexual abuses by the SPDC troops in the Shan State. There are also countless women political prisoners such as Daw Kyu Kyu Mar, a member of National League for Democracy (NLD) who was sentenced in 1999 for 21 years in jail for her political beliefs.
1

The struggle for democracy in Burma has been ongoing since the people's uprising in 1988, with the denial of the 1990 Election Results where the NLD led by Aung San Suu Kyi won a landslide vote but was ignored the military regime. After all of it, the same question was asked - will Burma see democracy in the near future?

Recently, the Burmese regime has cracked down on the pro-democracy activists inside the country. Many activists were harassed for simply calling peacefully for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi. In May 2007 alone, 99 democracy and human rights defenders were arrested in the country.
2

We can see that the number of demonstrators recently calling for the military regime to free "the lady" is on the rise. The awareness among civil society groups around the world focused on Burma is at its peak - the struggle for human rights and democracy in Burma has become a universal fight for all HRDs. At the very same time on 19 June 2007, activists in more than 20 countries around the world joined hands to acknowledge the hardship of the Burmese.

Even though some might speculate that ASEAN has been neglecting the issue of Burma, in the past decade we have seen the emergence of different groups working specifically on Burma such as the Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma and the ASEAN Inter-Parliamentarian Myanmar Caucus (AIMPC), which brings together member of parliaments and senators from around the ASEAN nations to push for democratization in Burma.

The civil society groups were successful in pushing Burma to step aside in its bid for chairmanship of ASEAN in 2006. On the international level, the president of the United Nations Human Rights Council suggested the retention of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights situation in Myanmar, which reflects Burma's ongoing importance.

While there has been progress in terms of the massive awareness of the plight of the Burmese, the situation of the Burmese people has not improved and perhaps worsened. The military regime spends 30-50 percent of its budget on the armed forces, but only 3 percent for its budge on health and 8 percent on education. Since 1996 the regime has displaced more than 600,000 people through military offensives against the ethnic groups.
3

Close to 691,000 refugees and millions of people who are not documented as refugees have fled Burma. Burma is a major supplier of illicit drugs to the international market, providing 80 percent of Southeast Asia's opium and heroin production in Asia in 2001. Additionally, HIV/AIDS will spread unabated in the country without protection or education from the government.
4

That civil society has been able to engage ASEAN on the issue of Burma is a big step, but there is much more that needs to be done. ASEAN as the only regional organization in Southeast Asia, and as such, it needs to be more vocal in pushing for the military regime to pursue democracy for the concrete development in Burma. It is no longer acceptable for ASEAN to turn its eyes away from its most problematic issue.

The hugely important Burma issue should be emphasized especially during the process of drafting the ASEAN Charter, so that the ASEAN proclamation for the "ASEAN: Caring and Sharing Community", as well as democracy and the rule of law, can truly be upheld. The Burmese people of the ASEAN community should not have to wait any longer.


1 Women Political Prisoners in Burma: Joint Report. Published by: Burmese Women's Union and Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), September 2004 (Pg. 101-102)
2 99 Democracy and Human Rights Activists Arrested in Burma in May 2007. Asian Tribune. 3 June 2007. http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/5990
3 Threat to Peace: A Call for the UN Security Council to Act in Burma. Published by DLA Piper Rudnick Gray Cary. 20 September 2005 (Pg. 25, 30)
4 Ibid (Pg. 31, 50-58).

(First appears in Prachatai, 22 June 2007)

Source:
http://www.prachatai.com/english/news.php?id=47

The media bears the role of ending friction and bringing peace to the region


With the situation in Southern Thailand continuing to deteriorate, made especially clear through the recent killings of nine people when their van was en route to Yala Province yesterday, the media bears the responsibility to maintain a culture of understanding, not the culture of hatred and vengeance.

Upon presenting these issues in the media, words or phases such as the "Muslim separatists" or "Malay Insurgents" are used carelessly without realizing that these terms can lead to hatred and stigmatization of Malay-Muslim populations.

There was also a misunderstanding view of the role of human rights organizations that have been assisting the victims and those affected by the ongoing conflict in the region, regarding the slow response toward this atrocity. Questions were raised as to why human rights advocates did not raised their voices promptly on this particular incident.

Human rights theory is based on the principle that violence committed to civilians, no matter of their races or ethnicities must be condemned. But in this case, the identities of the perpetrators remain unknown. Without knowing the identity of the actors behind the atrocities, we should not act as though one group is behind the violence. It is unprofessional for the media and press to assume that the "Muslim separatists" or "Malay insurgents" are behind the killings since no clear evidence justifies this claim.

Furthermore, media should maintain the impartial role of feeding information to the audience. Therefore, journalists and reporters shouldn't support violent tactics or policies that could lead to the reduction of people's rights. Many newspapers and excerpts from television and radio have expressed acceptance of deploying paramilitary rangers to Southern Thailand and to impose curfews during the night time. These policies will not result in positive developments as the presence of military personnel in the region for more than three years has not guaranteed any safety to the people at all and curfews under martial law will not guarantee any improvement either.

What civil society actors and people in the region has been praising for years is for the establishment of the credible and concrete rule of law, where people's participation in the process is emphasized. With the recently commemorated three year anniversary of the abduction of lawyer Somchai Neeraphaijit, proposals from civil society organizations still have not been implemented. Continual cases of police brutality, torture, disappearances, and extra-judicial killings will give the pretext for the alleged insurgents to justify their actions against civilians.
The means to end the ongoing conflict is not to eliminate the insurgents, but to secure the space of understandings and end the culture of impunity that exists today. If the government guarantees safety to the families of the suspects, by giving them their right to access lawyers and for families to visit those in prison, and give assurances to their families that their husbands or sons would not be tortured or killed in police custody, the villagers will not resort to protest for the release of the suspects, become sympathized with the militants, or to the extreme end, become motivated to join the insurgency movement.

If the government can bring police reform, especially putting an end to unfavorable actions mentioned and make the issue of Somchai Neelaphaijit's disappearance on the national agenda and bring the perpetrators to justice, this will surely secure a better relationship between the government and the people and lessen the militants' justification of their use of violence.
It is up to the media to present unbiased, informed reporting that includes a rule-of-law, peace-building approach that is to be heard by both government and the public, so that concrete peace developments can truly come to Southern Thailand.

(First appears in ThaiNGO.org, 16 March 2007)


Source:
http://www.thaingo.org/writer/view.php?id=333